Sex-based birth rate disparity ... According to a report by the National Population and Family Planning Commission, there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020, potentially leading to social instability, and courtship-motivated emigration.
Adoption ... In the 1980s, adoptions accounted for half of the so-called "missing girls". A majority of children who went through formal adoption in China in the later 1980s were girls, and the proportion who were girls increased over time.
Twins sought ... Since there are no penalties for multiple births, it is believed that an increasing number of couples are turning to fertility medicines to induce the conception of twins. According to a 2006 China Daily report, the number of twins born per year was estimated to have doubled.
Improvement in the provision of health care ... since young Chinese can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age, there is an impetus to save money for the future.
Four-two-one problem ... As the first generation of law-enforced only-children came of age for becoming parents themselves, one adult child was left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents. Called the "4-2-1 Problem", this leaves the older generations with increased chances of dependency on retirement funds or charity in order to receive support.
Unregistered children ... Heihaizi or "black child" is a term applied in China. The term denotes children born outside the One child policy, or generally children who are not registered in the Chinese national household registration system. Being excluded from the family register (in effect, a birth certificate), they do not legally exist and as a result cannot access most public services, such as education and health care, and do not receive protection under the law
Potential social problems ... Some parents may over-indulge their only child. The media referred to the indulged children in one-child families as "little emperors". People worried that this would result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills amongst the new generation, as they have no siblings at home
Birth tourism ... Reports surfaced of Chinese women giving birth to their second child overseas, a practice known as birth tourism. Many went to Hong Kong, which is exempt from the one-child policy
Unequal enforcement ... Government officials and especially wealthy individuals have often been able to violate the policy in spite of fines. For example, between 2000 and 2005, as many as 1,968 officials in central China's Hunan province were found to be violating the policy, according to the provincial family planning commission; also exposed by the commission were 21 national and local lawmakers, 24 political advisors, 112
entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals.
entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals.
Human rights violations ... The one-child policy has been challenged for violating a human right to determine the size of one's own family. According to a 1968 proclamation of the International Conference on Human Rights, "Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children."
Effect on infanticide rates ... The 'one-child policy has also led to what Amartya Sen first called 'Missing Women', or the 100 million girls 'missing' from the populations of China (and other developing countries) as a result of female infanticide, abandonment, and neglect"
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